How to Become a Plumber: Step-by-Step Career Guide

Plumbing is one of the most stable trades in America, with job growth projected at 15% through 2031 – much faster than average. The median salary for plumbers hit $56,330 in 2024, but experienced professionals in major markets easily earn $70,000-$85,000 annually. Master plumbers running their own shops often clear six figures.

You don't need a college degree, but you do need the right training and licensing. Most plumbers start as apprentices, learning on the job while earning a paycheck. The path typically takes 4-5 years from apprentice to journeyman, with another 2-4 years of experience required before testing for master plumber status.

The work itself varies widely. Residential plumbers handle home repairs, bathroom remodels, and new construction. Commercial plumbers work on office buildings, hospitals, and industrial facilities with complex systems. Service plumbers focus on emergency repairs and maintenance calls – often the highest-paying specialty due to overtime and emergency rates.

Physical demands are real. You'll crawl through tight spaces, work in basements and attics, and handle heavy pipes. But the mental challenge keeps things interesting – diagnosing problems, reading blueprints, and mastering new technologies like smart water systems. Plus, you're recession-resistant. People always need running water and working toilets, making plumbers essential workers with excellent job security.

Unlike many careers, plumbing doesn't require a college degree. However, you do need a high school diploma or GED to enter most apprenticeship programs. Strong math skills matter – you'll calculate pipe angles, water pressure, and material quantities daily. Basic understanding of physics helps with concepts like water flow and pressure systems.

Many aspiring plumbers start with vocational training at community colleges or trade schools. These 6-month to 2-year programs cost $3,000-$15,000 and cover plumbing basics, safety protocols, and local codes. While not always required, this education gives you an edge when applying for apprenticeships and helps you hit the ground running.

Key subjects in plumbing programs include blueprint reading, pipe fitting, water supply systems, drainage systems, and safety procedures. You'll also learn about different materials – copper, PVC, cast iron, and newer options like PEX tubing. Hands-on labs let you practice soldering, threading pipes, and using professional tools.

Some programs offer specialized tracks for residential versus commercial plumbing, or green technology focusing on water-efficient systems. Industry certifications from manufacturers (like Kohler or American Standard) can also boost your resume.

Alternatively, you can skip formal education and jump straight into an apprenticeship, though competition is tougher. Either way, you'll need a clean driving record, ability to lift 50+ pounds, and willingness to work in various weather conditions. Drug testing is standard, and background checks are common for commercial work.

Your biggest early decision is choosing between United Association (UA) union apprenticeships or non-union programs. Both lead to the same licensing, but the paths differ significantly in structure, pay, and long-term career prospects.

UA apprenticeships are highly competitive but offer superior training and benefits. The 5-year program combines 900+ hours of classroom instruction with 8,000+ hours of paid on-the-job training. Starting wages typically range from $18-$25 per hour, increasing every 6 months until you reach 60-80% of journeyman scale by graduation. Union journeymen in major cities often earn $35-$45 per hour with full health insurance, pension plans, and annuity funds.

Application requires aptitude tests, interviews, and sometimes waiting lists of 1-2 years. However, UA training is considered the gold standard – you'll work on large commercial projects, learn cutting-edge technology, and build relationships that last your entire career. Union shops also prioritize safety and typically offer more predictable schedules.

Non-union apprenticeships are easier to enter but more variable in quality. Starting pay ranges from $14-$20 per hour, and benefits depend entirely on your employer. Some non-union contractors offer excellent training and competitive wages, while others provide minimal instruction. The advantage is flexibility – you can often start immediately and may have more freedom to specialize or start your own business later.

Both paths require 4-5 years to complete, with periodic testing and evaluation. Research local options carefully, as market conditions vary by region. In heavily unionized areas like Chicago or New York, UA membership opens more doors. In right-to-work states, non-union opportunities may be more abundant.

Plumber licensing follows a three-tier system in most states: apprentice, journeyman, and master plumber. Each level requires specific education, experience, and testing, with earning potential increasing significantly at each stage.

Apprentice licenses are entry-level permits allowing you to work under supervision. Requirements typically include high school completion, basic safety training, and registration with your state board. Apprentices earn 40-60% of journeyman wages – roughly $16-$24 per hour nationally. You'll handle basic tasks like digging trenches, carrying materials, and assisting with installations while learning the trade.

Journeyman licensing requires completing an approved apprenticeship (usually 4-5 years) plus passing written and practical exams. Journeymen can work independently on most projects but need master plumber oversight for permits and inspections. Median journeyman wages range from $22-$32 per hour, or $45,000-$66,000 annually. In high-cost areas like San Francisco or Boston, journeymen often earn $70,000-$80,000.

Master plumber status requires 2-4 additional years of journeyman experience plus advanced testing. Masters can pull permits, run job sites, and supervise other plumbers. They're also eligible to start their own contracting businesses. Master plumbers typically earn $30-$45 per hour as employees, but business owners can earn $80,000-$150,000+ annually.

Licensing requirements vary by state, so research your local board's specific rules. Some states have reciprocity agreements, making it easier to work across state lines. Continuing education is required in most areas to maintain licenses – typically 8-16 hours annually covering code updates and new technologies.

Becoming a journeyman plumber typically takes 4-5 years, while reaching master status requires 6-9 years total. Here's a realistic timeline with associated costs and earnings.

Year 1-2 (Apprentice): If starting with trade school, expect 6-24 months of education costing $3,000-$15,000. Many programs offer financial aid or payment plans. Once you land an apprenticeship, you'll earn while learning – starting around $16-$20 per hour. Annual earnings: $25,000-$35,000.

Year 2-4 (Advanced Apprentice): Your hourly rate increases every 6-12 months, reaching $20-$28 per hour by year four. You'll handle more complex tasks and begin specializing in residential, commercial, or service work. Annual earnings: $35,000-$50,000.

Year 5 (New Journeyman): After passing licensing exams (costing $200-$500), you'll see a significant pay jump to $22-$32 per hour base rate. With overtime common in plumbing, many new journeymen earn $50,000-$65,000 their first year.

Year 6-9 (Experienced Journeyman): As skills develop, wages increase to $28-$40 per hour. Specialists in areas like medical gas systems or green technology command premium rates. Annual earnings: $60,000-$85,000.

Year 10+ (Master Eligible): Master licensing costs $300-$800 for exams and fees. As an employee, masters earn $30-$45 per hour. Business owners' income varies widely but successful plumbing contractors often earn $80,000-$150,000+ annually.

Total investment for tools, education, and licensing typically runs $5,000-$20,000 – far less than college degree costs, with earning potential starting immediately.

Plumbing offers three main career paths, each with distinct work environments, skill requirements, and earning potential. Most plumbers gain experience in all areas before specializing.

Residential plumbing focuses on homes and small apartment buildings. You'll install and repair water lines, drain systems, fixtures, and appliances. Work includes bathroom remodels, kitchen installations, and service calls for clogs or leaks. Residential plumbers often develop relationships with homeowners and contractors, leading to steady repeat business. Pay ranges from $45,000-$70,000 annually, with successful residential specialists earning $75,000+ through efficient scheduling and premium service rates.

Commercial plumbing involves office buildings, schools, hospitals, and industrial facilities. Systems are larger and more complex, requiring knowledge of pumps, boilers, and specialized equipment. You might install medical gas lines, grease traps, or multi-story water systems. Commercial work often offers steadier schedules and higher wages – $55,000-$80,000 annually for experienced technicians. Union commercial plumbers in major cities can earn $80,000-$100,000+ with full benefits.

Service plumbing focuses on repairs and emergency calls. You'll troubleshoot problems, clear blockages, and fix broken pipes – often in challenging conditions. While the work can be unpredictable, service plumbers often earn the highest hourly rates due to overtime, weekend, and emergency call premiums. Top service specialists earn $70,000-$90,000+ annually.

Many successful plumbers combine specialties or transition between them as opportunities arise. Green technology, smart home systems, and water efficiency create new niches for tech-savvy professionals. The key is building diverse skills while developing expertise in your preferred area.

Plumbing offers clear advancement paths with substantial earning potential for dedicated professionals. Understanding the salary progression helps you set realistic expectations and career goals.

Entry-level apprentices start at $16-$20 per hour ($30,000-$40,000 annually) but see regular increases throughout training. Mid-level apprentices earn $20-$28 per hour ($40,000-$55,000), while senior apprentices approach journeyman wages at $24-$32 per hour.

Journeyman plumbers represent the industry backbone, earning $22-$40 per hour based on location and specialization. The national median sits around $27 per hour ($56,000 annually), but regional variations are significant. Rural areas typically pay $20-$28 per hour, while major metropolitan areas offer $30-$45 per hour. Union journeymen generally out-earn non-union counterparts by 15-25%.

Experienced specialists command premium rates. Master plumbers, pipefitters working on complex commercial systems, and service technicians with strong customer bases often earn $35-$50 per hour as employees. Factor in overtime – common in plumbing due to emergency calls and project deadlines – and many experienced plumbers gross $70,000-$90,000 annually.

Business ownership represents the highest earning potential. Successful plumbing contractors often clear $100,000-$200,000+ annually, though income varies based on business size, market conditions, and management skills. Some grow into multi-truck operations employing dozens of plumbers.

Alternative advancement includes becoming inspectors ($45,000-$70,000), sales representatives for plumbing suppliers ($50,000-$80,000), or instructors at trade schools ($40,000-$65,000). Project management and estimating roles at large contractors offer $60,000-$85,000 with growth potential into executive positions.